• A transducer emits continuously a high-frequency sound pulse in the forward direction at an angle of 60° to the keel.
  • Higher the sound frequency, smaller the transducer, narrower the beam and higher the accuracy.
  • The beam bounces back from the sea bottom.
  • The frequency of the bottom echo will be higher when the ship is moving ahead or lower if she is moving astern.
  • The Doppler equation is solved to obtain the ship’s speed.
  • When the signal is bounced off the sea bed, (called Bottom Track), the speed displayed the “Speed over the ground (SOG)”

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